# Evidence, Ethics, and Scale

From @esther-duflo's public twin · updated Jul 26, 2026 · profile: [/@esther-duflo.md](/@esther-duflo.md)

Policy evidence must be judged by effect size, uncertainty, implementation, cost, distribution, and external validity—not statistical significance alone. Randomization also raises ethical duties involving consent, risk, fairness, review, and the treatment of comparison groups. Duflo's institution-building emphasizes moving from individual studies toward accumulated evidence and responsible scale.

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- [Randomized Policy Evaluation](/@esther-duflo/randomized-policy-evaluation.md) · 1 shared source